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THREE-WATTLED BELLBIRD  Procnias tricarunculatus Male 30–33 cm,

female 25–26cm. Spectacular large cotinga breeding in humid highland forest,

especially mossy cloud forest; ranges to adjacent semi-open areas, especially

with fruiting wild avocado trees, and elevational migrant to lowland forest.

Mainly at mid–upper levels, where easily overlooked if not vocal; male sings

from exposed snag in canopy. Adult male unmistakable, female and imm. very

different but no similar species in Costa Rica. Imm. male resembles female but

larger, with shorter bill wattles, some have chestnut patches on underparts;

plumage sequences remain poorly known. SOUNDS: Male song (mainly Feb–Jul,

sporadically year-round) a far-carrying, resonant, often slightly wooden bohng! or oihng! usually preceded

by and alternated with 1 or more piercing whistles and low burry twangs at irregular intervals; details vary

regionally. Imm. males may practice in fall–winter, with varied discordant clangs. STATUS: Fairly common

breeder Feb–Aug on both slopes, mainly 1200–2300m, locally down to 900m in Northwest. Post-

breeding birds may wander to 3000m and most descend Sep/Nov–Jan/early Apr to lowlands and lower

foothills; formerly may have bred in higher mountains of Nicoya Peninsula. (Honduras to w. Panama.)

PURPLE-THROATED FRUITCROW  Querula purpurata 26–29cm, male>​

female. Fairly large, distinctive black cotinga of humid lowland forest and

edge, adjacent clearings with fruiting trees. Typically in small, often noisy

groups roaming in forest canopy; sometimes joins mixed flocks with larger

species such as White-fronted Nunbirds, oropendolas. Flight buoyantly un­

dulating, with deep sweeping wingbeats. Often quivers tail upon landing and

when calling. Nothing very similar in Costa Rica, but cf. much larger Bare-

necked Umbrella­bird. Deep purple gorget of male stunning in good light.

SOUNDS: Far-carrying, twangy and mellow whistled calls ów-ah ow-ah, ahh, or

ow’ah owaaáh, and variations. STATUS: Fairly common to uncommon on Caribbean slope, locally to

600m. (Nicaragua to S America.)

BARE-NECKED UMBRELLABIRD  Cephalopterus glabricollis Male 41–45cm,

female 36–38cm. Distinctive, heavily built, large-headed, and rather short-

tailed black cotinga of humid forest and edge, adjacent taller second growth

with fruiting trees. Perches mainly at mid–upper levels, where often still and

quiet, easily overlooked. Away from display sites, singles or small groups may be

found at fruiting trees, shuffling along branches and sallying for fruit with noisy

wingbeats. Flight rather direct but unhurried, suggesting a large jay. Small loose

groups of males display mainly around dawn, from perches in subcanopy.

Nothing very similar in Costa Rica, but cf. much smaller Purple-throated Fruit­

crow. Male throat pouch inflated like balloon in display. Juv. male resembles female but plumage sootier

grayish, crest shorter than adult male. SOUNDS: Song a deep, almost subliminal boom with pouch inflated,

then a quiet cluck and a 2nd boom as pouch deflates: üüm, hk, üüm, the whole sequence about 3 secs;

often 30 secs or longer between songs. Calls include low coughs and grunts. STATUS: Scarce to uncommon

and local on Caribbean slope: breeds Mar–Jul, mainly 800–2000m, descends Aug–Jan (some birds year-

round) to lower foothills and adjacent lowlands. (Costa Rica to w. Panama.)